Courier Watchman 1897-02-25

              Lliiflfi
■
111 18 1« a beautiful
world, ami I should
like to ltvo In It .-.
thousand years. I
have never been
able to have much
patience with those
people who *.ir»* al
vrayaaloifini* "This
world's a wilderness of woe .te.."
and tl.en when they (jet sick, call on
all the doctors within reach to help
them from dylnjr. Our Creator did nol
put us hero to become at once dissatisfied with our -urroundluj-.; but on the
otber hand he evidently expecta us lo
cu'tlvale a love and admiration for tho
beautiful In nature—thc singing birds,
the fragrant flowers, and the running
strcsm*.; tho majestic forests, thn towering precipice, hill and dali\ the vernal
beauty of thc springtime, the brij.htnoa*.
and glory of the summer, the gold of
harvest nnd autumn, the snowy robes
and sparkling frosts of win'.er, the
joyousne***. of brute life, the laughter
of children, nil the comforts of an earthly home ond the joya of rltfht living—
theso arc a few of tbo Reasons why 1
love this world and why I am determined to live in it just as long as ever
I can.
V
Talmage ls alleged to have made the
remark tho other day that he did not
object to the -300,000 Bradley-Martin
ball given In New York recently. And
then he added, "I am not now talking
from a moral stand point " Then wo
arc to infer that the teamed and pious
Doctor sometimes talks f-ora the opposite of a moral standpoint, lie probably meant that he agreed with thc
false log!c of the "400" when they allege that the ball was justifiable upon
the ground... that much of the money
spent found its way, ultimately, into
the pockets of the poor. If there be
such a thin;* ns the Devil's excuse, that
lojric is a f sir sample. In thc first place,
probably not a dollar of that 8300.000
actually found its way into a single
one of the homes of destitution now
existing all over this country. Tn the
second place, if lavish licentious snd
extravagant worldlineas can bo thu*.
justified then the institution of the
liquor traffic may bo justl-i.d on very
much thc same grounds. Thousands of
poor people are engaged in the' manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors
snd why should not the business of
making drunkards go in order that the
great army of laborers who actually
produced the poison may have employment? The Rev. Doctor shout- take a
walk and brace up. One of the prolific sources of anarchy In this country
Is tbe ostentatious, pompous and vulgar exhibition of wealth among tho
rich, and when revolution does come
as it may, many of ita evils mar be
• charged dlrectlv to this cause.
•-•
Oow the big fellows ln this world do
enjoy lording it over the little fellows!
If a poor devil who started out to battle with the world without a cent snd
continues, ou account of one misfortune and another, to bold his own fairly
well, falls into thc clutches finally of
mcrcll-is cteditor., tho big lord*, who
bavo Inherited or married tbeir capital,
many of ihem, turn up tbeir noma and
flippantly remark tbat he should have
kept ont of debt They have no pity
to bestow on such trash, much leaa' a
more tangible charity. At the very
•st-iae time, appearancea may be de_-.it*
tal. Tlie other day I hapjwned to overhear one of those suppose upper crusts,
begging days of grace on a considerable debit be himself owed the creditor
with whom he was conversing, the
very same high-cook-a-lornm. too, that
not many raoona since, bsd been heard
to make light of tbe fa-lure of a poor,
but lion est, Industrious artisan that had
exhausted every honorable means to
discharge faithfully his obligation. Be-
Tond the possibility of sucoessful con-
tradictiou this la the age of every fellow
for himself and the devil take the bind-
most. Understand ma. There are
some un.elfl.sh people in t'ue world, but
compared with the other class, they
are about ln tbe ratio of a filtered tub-
. foi to the turbulent volume* of the
Atlantic Moreover, the r-claiihneaa is
not all found outside of thc churches of
. Christendom.
y
Merchant X Vf* Logan Informs me
that be _s going to leave Waverlr- Ue
ia not yet dee Wed upon th*_ town ho will
go to, having in view some half do-sen
•food ones ificludln*. Drhana, Piqua,
Lancaster, Lima and Bell .oatainc. Mr.
Lotrsn's removal f rom - VtaverJy Is lo
tha nature of a misfortune as no mute
enterprising eittsen has ever lived tn
the tow-a He haa shown hlt__-*e}f to be
a -pir-B-le- l.u.iucsA man aod 1 feel sure
tbat those who know him in this conn*,
ty will loin me tn warmly recomending
bim to tie people to wbou h-f g-*_».
*e*
Tba informal talk of Hcr.  Kettar-
last Sunday afternoon at the
men's meeting in the M. rl church was
n very earnest one, ami shows him  to
bo in sympathy with all movumetiU to
better the moral condition of our com-
ruunity.    Besides hi* presence in a sis-
■f-jf r«i,..n*1, shown hitn   to   ta,   a   li!>.>r:t!
Christian  gentleman,   willing to   join
hands and forces lo accomplish good.
• •
•
I have just received a private letter
front Mr. Llghtle of OsltlpoMs, replete
with good wUhas and nice compliments
ami r".nlnlnln;» tb_> suggestion tbat
wbat '.V.'v, uioal   and  could
have us well oa not, in a Shoe Factory.
He sub-cribe - $.*> to open tht* bslt. snd
mentions the old Bmmitt I'lanlng mill
as a buildinc already erect-*-.! and eminently Kiiii.il>).* for nn enterprise of that
character. He pan «ce no reason whv
Waverly should not hrve. one Shoe fact
oty if Portsmouth oan have ind so-ttaln
eight. A manufacturing buslnrss of
this kind, ho *-».«. is the gr*at need of
the working clnitsos in onr town, lie
is rlffht A shoo factory <n Wu-erlv
that Would em nitty from a hundred
hand* up. would b;*'th*s greatest Qod-
send this littleolty could possibly have
I have called attention to this mslier
before snd nt Mr. T.l£htlc*''-on.roeuda-
ble suggestion, I do so n,; iiii at this
time. In tho name snd Interest of not
only the worklngclasn of "i\ averlv but
the business elnss ns well, whv can't
litis nint'er l... taken hold o' antl pushed to a tangible reality'.' 1'a.tienlarly
when the building stands waiting to
be occupied. Tbe st'gg'e tinti is at
tenst worthy the consider-- ion of our
business men.
"1)0
Like Causr** Profiuce Like
Effeete."
In reference to Prof. OoUl's srticle
published In your paper la it week. In
which he seems to take toe position
that "like causes produce A fferrnt effects." I am utterly unable to sec how
anyone con successfully refute the prop-
si tion. Nor will tho tVofesoor himself
deny that "like causes r.-oduoc like
effects."
That like causes produce different
effect*, msy be proven in msny wats.
Only gross ignorance of Physiology van
argue that because a ccrts'n article i*
wholesome to many it mns* necessarily
be wholesome to all. Ea-h Individual
organism is spt-ciilcally different from
every other. If the same wave of air
striking upon thc tympanum of two
different men will prod nee sounds to
the one which to thc other arc inappreciable. If the same wave of light will
affect tbe vision of one mttn. as that of
red color, while tothe vision of anothe.*
it Is no color at al!—color Mindnesa It
I* nut v.-.*. .tnihV to expect tbat tbe same
au balance will bear precisely the same
relation to the system of one man ss to
thai of another. Experience tells us
that it is not so
Prof. Hclmholts'experiments on nerve
irritation, antl Prof. John Mueller's
discoveries In relation to tho sense energies, and their conclusion* in the premises are not here disputed. Hut thr
point to which I desire to call attention
is the statement Prof, 'tilth makes
when bessys'
"Now when It Is generally conceded
that nil ucryes iu the httr.tan and animal bodies, no mat'er to what organ*,
they belong, are lu subst-'icce. composition and distribution the <ame-.itma*t
be conceded that the same cause produces different effects"
Vital processes depend on ehemiesi
processes, but are uot themselyexchem-
ical, and cannot therefore t>c explained
by chemistry. There la something special in vital phenomena which necesss-
rlly transcends chemical investigation.
I do not pretend to settle WHAT vitality
Is, or what the specialty of Its phenomena ultimately rests; to be assured that
it la something different f n -u what goes
on in the chemist's labaratory, and demands other tests than those furnished
by Chemistry.
No analysis of a nerve will over throw
light on Sensibility, no arrtngement of
chemical foimula will cxp :.in the form
aed properties of a eelL You may take
a mechanism to pieces, an., explain by
physical laws the action ond interaction of each wheel; bnt you eannot take
an organism to pieces and explain Its
properties by chemical laws, auch as
aro revealed in tbe .abator/. If an o-
vorwbelming illustration of tbis obvious truth be needed, we find it in thc
egg of an animsL Here ia a microscopic sphere composed of sub stances well
known to chemists, which < ontaiua potentially an animal, aod wl.tcb will reproduce, not only the form, features,
stature and specific attributes of the
parents, but many of thr ir acquired
habits. Use chemistry iu tbo whole
extent of Its domain anything aaala-
gous to this? Ceo chemistry famish us
with even an approach to ao explanation of it?
Chemical analysis msy enndnct us to
the threshold of I.lf-*— tb. ro sll of iu
guidance ceases. Tbere *» new order
of complications int-crvau-s -a now series of laws has to bo elk iled. Chemistry confesses IU Inability to construct
complex organic substanr-s, ot even to
say how they are const- acted. This
being so, it is clear that every attempt
to explain chemically the various functions o* the animal o*-_rauitstkiu by an
en a--aeration of Its chemical constitn-
enta must belong to what Iter ail ins
styles'the physiology of t-ro bah Utile**,'
Tnefs if ta one cardinal rule ■which caa
never bo violated with im-tunitv. it ta
this; ''Never attempt to a* lv*> th* problems eft, ooe aeteace by the 'order of
conception* peculiar u» at*-tber."
EespecUullr _*u__-iiUt*d.
Little Pike Honored.
Wo congratulate onr countrv tbst
it lias concluded to adopt the plan of
Mr. G. W. Bl.Asnci.i- to regulate-
tbe .surfaces of tbe great boundary
lakes, to got a part of thn needed
depth, wbich it will do. Hut as it
bas many advantages that will bo
secured tbst esnnot be bat! in snv
other way, antl without which tbe
best results cannot be obtained. It
is therefore of groat importance.—
Btjlow we give the comments of tho
editor of the Cleveland Plaindealer
on Mr. lilaisdella ahiclo which appeared in thst paper in (he issue of
January 27th, 1892, also thr* Utter
from the Chief of Engineer's ofliee:
"Wo give in this isstio a comma*
tiicattoi from Waverly, in this state,
in which the writer asserts that eve.
rybodj working or theorizing on tne
Subject of increasing tbe usefulness
of tli.» Like waterways is upon the
wrong tsck. According to his views
the proper thing to do is tt. rsise the
level of tbo lakes by obstructing
I heir outflow in such a manner 'hat
the surplus water of one period can
I.f stored to supply tlie deficiency of
another. Unfortunately he does not
make clear tho manner in which this
great engineering fc*t is to be accomplished st so much leas cost thsn
the present system of deepening the
channels. On this account it is not
surprising that be has failed to get
the attention of tiie engineers who
havo to .ica! with the practical features of thc problem."
al  Scioto County  Farmer Hak a iTIie Cost or a Trip to Alpha On- \ ihe mantle of night.   Wo have oot
ThrU-tog Adventure With UtUli, the Netrest Star. j any certain   knowledge on the   sob-
the Reptile-*   jeot;    but everything   points   to tho
UK smallest object  in tho sky
which   is visible to tho   naked
Tho   moon
conclusion that like our sun, they're
attended   by planet.,  to which tboy
give tight and heat.
eye ts tbe  moon.    Thc   moon j     ,t ■„ nnt -,,---'-imr that giant sun*
is onlv distant from  the earth i ---_•--   themselves into   twinkling
•FARMER named Frank Jones,
residing on Csrey'sl-iin. Scioto county, had a rather thrill-
-   ing experience several nights i    MS,,a*i\
ago 7bst very few men have ever had j *''f   ~,0« ™ J^"-" . *" . lhoUf«h  ««,   wbon tbo   enormous distance,
this scon of the year ,o .his latitude. \ * ^ °U\ -^ »Um » *«^"' j through wbich   light travels v. re-
June, snd his wife  live  in  s sort of I * %-»*"*n   ^   ^ ,he ^D[.^D   ".embered.    Tbo nearest .Ur -after
. land planets  buried in   space.     Fifty
eomtiosito   house.     Part  of  it  is  the ; . .       . .     ,     .,      •        ,
• . I moons would make a body tbe size o!
.Idfs.hionrd log   house   with   a big j  . ,       ... .... ,. .
■*> ** ' the   earth, while   millions   would  be
hroplace built by his father.    A more i .    . . .    .
• J required to equal  the volume of the
modem additiou uow adorns thn front: _, . 	
I sun.     io say thst tho sun is an  onor
part.      The   log    portion    has    been ; , Qn- .^,.       .. ,.
• *>   ' mous body 0-0,000   miles   in diamo-
weather-boarded antl the. casual ob- '
Server would not ontioe its antiquity
ter, can give us uo adequate conception of its enormous power and size.
the sun — is alpha centairi, which in
calculated to bo !.0,000,(K)0,000 mile,
away. It is visible only in the southern hemisphere. To conceive some
idea of ita cuormous distanoo, imagine that a railway has beea built to
it. antl the extremely   |e>w rate of a
it .1 wero Dot for its low ceilings and ! , ' I c«°« tot *W -**'*•** ***** ******  fi"d*  A
i-tg iircpUcs.    Whs: was once  the i ^ . l°. »J. *« ^   ^ "    »T   f-cler buy. a ticket for Alpha Ceo-
msinmomoftbe old house   i.  now"'^ ,b    T ^1 Ttol]»-**•    "* kno- lh"   lh« lm wU'
earth, an.i thst  tbe. sun would out up K    ,j<javy> %nd conMM„,.llt|-brouRbt
.•,£0,000 pieces, each as big M | wj|h him _ ,om   of   mooey equ,, to
the National dnbt of thel'tiitcd State.
Subject-I.oke l.e vela
Office tf Chief of Kngine.-rs,
United States   Army,
Washington, Feb. 18, 1S97.
Mr. G. W. Bl_A.b-_Ll.'
Vour letters atldressed to
the President, relating to regulation
of lake levels, have been forwarded
lo th's office. It is tho desire of the
Chief- of -Engineers to ooutinue to
give to this important subject the
consideration it merits, snd if possible, an officer will be specially assigned to its study, and if this can be
arranged tho officer will be reijue.t.J
to confer with you.
By direction Chief of Kngincers.
Vour Obedient Servant,
A. MACKENZIE,
Lieut. Col.   Kngincers.
The Cincinnati Enquirer makes the
very timely and truthful remark tbat
the farmers aro tbe mon wbo need
attention. That tboy have not been
permanently benefitec- by previous
high tariffs is shown by tho fact that
their incomes bave been cut down to
tbe lowest notch, and iheir farms
mortgaged. Where are tbe wealthy
farmers? How nmny Ohio agriculturists can bo accounted rich by the
standard of wealth in tho cities? It
is tbe manufacturing, mercantile and
speculative elements tbat bave been
able to bridge over th© bard times
without being pinched or hard up.
Under stimulation tbey were enabled to make money rapidly, and lay
up a store for a rainy day. Tbey can
shut down tbeir establishments, leaving an army of < mployes to do the
best tbey csn; but live in luxury
themselves. The farmer, though, as
well as tbe men who work in mills
snd factories, come, to sudden .top
with nothing to signify ..head. How
.ball we reach the cu. of the farmer
tbe meebsnio sod tbe ..orkingman?
Caa we accomplish anything for
them by simply stimulating manufacture by raising tbe duty oo imports snd advancing tbe price of the
good, to those wbo have nothing to
psy with! Can thi. be of enduring
benefit, oven to the manufacturer.
425,00. $_5,00.
TO WASHINGTON & RETURN.
The B. & O. South-western Railway will run a special train of sleep*
log sod dioing cars to Wsshingtoo
city, leaving Chillicothe at 7:30 a.
m.,' March 3rd. Returning wilt leave
Waabtngtoo, st noon, on Msroh 5th.
The fare for the round trip, which
iooludes sleeping car aceonmoda*
lions during three days, has been
plsced st $25.00.    Address,
ANDREW CLEVELAND,
General Pass. Agent,
Chillicothe, Ohio.
ute.I ss a bedroom,    lt was lure that
Jones' adventure occurred.
Jo.-.cs sud his wife ore both pftst
middle age, but hsve no children.
Mrs. Jones on the night in question
ws? at *t neighbor's house, two miles
swav, on an errand of mercy. Thus
it it, Jones has no living witnesses of
h;s adventure.
As is Jones' custom, he retired
enrlv, bnt before doing so ho rolled
a large log into tho fire in tho immense fireplace, so that there oould
he s good fire if Mrs. Jones returned
home before morning, which be considered probable. The. log wss psrt
Iv hollow, but the fanner bad felt no
inclination to explore its interior or
doubtless he would havo been spared
this surprising adventure on a night
when tho mercury whs courting
~ero.
Me had not beon asleep very long
■v ueu ho was awakened by something
'.rasbing around on tho floor. Half
asleep ho raised up in the bed. One
glance aud he was wide awake.-
There in the middle ttt the iloor was
evidently an angry rattlesnake thst
appeared fullv five feet long. H»
could not believe his eyes, sod reaching down the aide of the bed be seised
a boot and threw it sl the sppsntion.
Thu boot struck the snake and knocked it about three feet. The rattler
then quickly coiled and ita rattles
sung as viciously as they ever did ic
July. Jones' hair began to raise and
for a moment be wns at a Iosb wh»t
to do. A t-.indf._r opened beside the
bed, and turo' itthe farmer plunged
into thc cold. In the dooryard he
secured s stout cudgel. Hemming
through the window he found th<r
snako had become sluggish and was
almost lifeie.s from the cold blowing
through thc window, and it was
quickly dispatched. At the foot of
tbe bed lie found a second snake,
which ho killed, ln on** corner of
tho fireplace he found tbe half burned remnants of * third. The first
two were also badly burned.
After cutting off thc rattles of one
of thorn Jones threw tbe three carcasses into Uie yard and started to
turn io again, but as be approached
the bed he found a fourth snako had
by some means got into tbe bed. It
was also benumbed, and was quickly
kilhd. By that time Jones became
thoroughly alarmed. Had be been
twenty-live years younger and again
on tbe canal be could ave found an
excuse for such an abundance of
snakes iu winter time, but be went
to work aod turned everything upside
down and inside out, but found no
more of the uncanny visitors. However, be found thst one end of his
big log bad been well burnt out, aod
he soon realized that the quartet of
snakes bsd crawled into it to hibernate, sod being revived by the hest
of the fire had crawled out. Crawling through the flame- tbey were
badly scorched, sod tbis caused tbeir
temporary activity. The ooe found
io tbe corner of the fire place bad
evidently heeo tbe lost to get out of
the log and waa overcome by the
-Urne*. The largest of the snskes
was three feel long, but Jones says
they 6r_t appeared fully five feet.
Jones watched the log for several
hours before be would vesture back
to tied, being by that time convinced
if it contained say more snskes they
had been killed hy tbe fire.
He exhibits the rattles of ooe of
!.\ tlli setof toctb for (10 during
March at Wallaces' dental office at
H. W. OV-U*______-.     Waverly.   St.
the earth,   may  give   us   some  faint
idea of its  enormous size.     Were all
the planets   fuse 1  into ono   majf,  it
would take 500 such  masses to equal
the sun in  volume.
Vast   as   isthes'zeof  the sun. its
light   and   heat    are   eommensurstc
with it.     For every  yard of the sun's1
surface   there   is sent into   space  an!     Tbe Republican tariff makers spent
amount   of heat  equal   to   that of a   another day considering the schedule
blast    furnace consuming   a   ton of i of manufactures of iron   and   ateel.
coal every ten minutes.    Of tbis heat j Nails and cutlery were tho divisions
* *
the earth  receives only one-tbouaaod I of the schedule which engsged tbeir
in gold. After waiting a few thousand years to have it counted, he
would jump aboard, and set off with
the velocity of light, three year,
would elapse b .fore he reached his
destination.
millionth part of the whole. Vet the
heat received by tho earth in a single
day would raiso from the freezing
to tho boiling point an ocean of wa-
ter 260 feet deep, covering tbo entire surface of the earth.
The curious reader may perhaps
ask what would be tho result if the
light of the sun wore extinguished.
Certain wc should be in tho dark;bt.t
more serious results would follow.
The moisture of tho atmosphere wo'd
condense into ice, which would fsll
like hail; the temperature would fall
to "100 degrees below zero, when the
atmosphere would bo liquefied antl
then fro. en. The earth would be
buried in snow, antl ticiverssl death
would prevail in less than two days.
But with the power of the . un destroyed the earth would be drawn to
some other sun. Tho distance from
the earth to tho nearest fixed Htar is
so immense thst tbo enormous gulf
of space it would take 118,000 year*
to traverse Most probably it would
gravitate toward Hercules, and in
due time, perhaps, the solar system,
would revolve around it, once more
heated by the sun. Probably this
tremendous journey would not be
performod without collision with ar__
other darkened sytem now invisible .
And in this instanc«*We shock would
generate light and heat, and out of
the wreck of tbe two systems a new
one would bo evolved.
There is little doubt tbst tbe sun
is gradually cooling, and pessimists
will be glad to hear in 5,000,000 y'rs
tbe sun will be ss cold ss tbe moon.
That the sun is no more tban a star,
and that tbe stars are all suns, is the
cardinal doctrine of astronomy. Tbe
immensity of this doctrine is forcibly
impressed upon us as we gsze into
tbe heaven., aod remember that
each twinkling point of light is s
sun rivaling snd excelling the splendor of our own. Taking the earth as
the center of tbe universe, and the
polar star ss the limit of our vision,
the visible universe embraces a sp.ee
with a diameter of 430,000,000,000
miles.
The most brilliant star is tbe oue
known ss tbe Dog Stsr, which is situated id the coostel!at-on Orion.—
This magnificent sun is distant from
oar earth   about 1000 times the dis-
sttention, but no definite rates upon
thc articles were fixed. Tho committeo decided tentatively to put tbe
duty on nails at shout onn-fourtb of
the McKinley rates snd to make it
specific. Even the Wilson rates oo
nails aro in tbe minds of the committee, practically prohibitory, snd a
majority of the Republicans expressed tbe opinion that nails can be made
so cheaply in tbe eastern states that
no duty is necessary. Tho Pacific
coast, however, on account of foreign
companion seemed to need protection and the rate of duty agreed upon, if maintained, will be for tbe benefit of the coast. No definite duties
on cutlery were discussed, but it wss
decided to make a reclsrsificstion of
of that division of the schedule and
fix specific rates, which will be materially higher than the present ad-
valorem duties on cutlery.
The reported ultimatim of Foraker is explicit enough to be understood even by tbe most obtuse Republican. According to tbo story Mo
Kinlcy bas agreed to recognize Foraker as tbo senior senator from Ohio,
and defer to bis wishes in making
appointments in this State. On that
basis alone can any arrangement be
mad*) by wbich Hanna enters tbe
Senate through grace of Foraker.—
Any attempt to override Foraker io
tbe matter of appointments will be
met by relentless opposition of tbe
Ohio senstor. It is i. conceivable
tbat Mr. Hanna would a- cept a Sen-
atorsbip on such humili-iing terms.
It wonld bo better for him to refuse
any favor, at the bands of Foraker,
and make an open fight in the next
legislature for Senator.
On March 2d aod 18*.'.* April 6th
and 20tb; May 4th aod 14th, Ohio
Southern will sell tickets at exceedingly low rates to persons wishing to
seeure homes io the wot, northwest,
south and southwest. Those wishing
to take advantage of the low rates
will save money by calling on their
agent, or writing (to
F.   E. FISHER,
Oen. P___senjrer Agent
Letter List.
List of letters remaining in tbe
poatofSee at Waverly for the wee-k
ending Monday, February 23rd:
Mrs. Mary Baker,  Miss Maggie
tance of our sun.    At this tremeod- j McKay, Miss Nora Dswning, C?G.
oos distance  Sirios looks  merely a ' Randal., James Morphy, Frank Hays
point of light; but io reality it shines • Adsm Brast.   .
100 times mote brightly than oar .ran j A. F. Gngusustm, P. M.
aod tboug it is impossible  to ascer- j -—-- -	
th-oTto*_n^-riaIe'bi*r*_ro-7, nod n\***** **** ***** of Sir"^ " *» *fin»t«>dj Born,to Mr. snd Mm. Isaac Wright
proud of tbe fsot that he is the coir *«> *» ********* *******J x'm** ** •**f'* ** i on Tuesday motniojr*— * son. TU
man koowo wbos* boose wss_nvs_____i i**** ***•*• psrties lire on Straight creek, aed
fay cattlcsoskes ia sero weather.        I    It csanot be soppo-fted by soy rs,-» he svsnt _urpr____4 the neighbor.